Cone-shaped hollow flexible reinforced concrete foundation (CHFRF) – Innovative for mountain wind turbines

This paper presents an innovative type of mountain wind turbine foundation, namely, the cone-shaped hollow flexible reinforced concrete foundation (CHFRF). It consists of a top plate, a base plate and a side wall that are made of reinforced concrete. The cavity of the CHFRF is filled with rubble and soil directly from the excavation for the CHFRF, which means that it can absorb the spoil. A rubber layer is placed beneath the CHFRF to increase the foundation flexibility to resist cyclic and dynamic loadings and to increase the bearing capacity. The great advantages of the CHFRF are the reduction in the usage of concrete and steel and the protection of the vegetation around the wind turbine, compared with conventional mountain wind turbine foundations that are solid structures. It is verified through model tests and a numerical simulation that the CHFRF can provide higher lateral bearing capacity in comparison to the regular circular gravity-based foundation under the same foundation diameter and height, and that the bearing capacity is increased by approximately 33.5% accordingly. It is also found that the rubber layer can effectively reduce the accumulated rotation of the CHFRF under cyclic loading. The accumulated rotation of the CHFRF with a rubber layer having a thickness of 4 mm is decreased by about 50% compared to that of the CHFRF with a rubber layer having a thickness of 2 mm. In addition, the volume of concrete used for the CHFRF is only one-fifth of that used for the circular gravity-based foundation. Therefore, the CHFRF outperforms regular mountain wind turbine foundations.     

Farm Animal Serum Proteomics and Impact on Human Health

Due to the incompleteness of animal genome sequencing, the analysis and characterization of serum proteomes of most farm animals are still in their infancy, compared to the already well-documented human serum proteome. This review focuses on the implications of the farm animal serum proteomics in order to identify novel biomarkers for animal welfare, early diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of infectious disease treatment, and develop new vaccines, aiming at determining the reciprocal benefits for humans and animals.     

基于可调姿态气动翼板的大跨度#br# 悬索桥颤振主动抑振方法

针对传统被动气动措施难以满足超大跨度悬索桥颤振设防需求的问题,提出一种基于可调姿态气动翼板的颤振主动抑振方法。该方法首先基于Roger颤振自激力时域模型建立主梁 翼板动力系统的状态空间表达,并通过系统重构优化使该表达能更加合理、有效地反应翼板姿态调节机制。此后通过引入基于主梁 翼板系统振幅控制权重的线性二次型指标,建立从桥梁振动状态监测到翼板姿态控制的颤振稳定性实时调节方法。为验证该方法的有效性和鲁棒性,研发针对桥梁节段模型风洞试验的反馈控制系统。研究发现,作用于两侧翼板上的反相气动升力在翼板间距的放大作用下形成的力偶是颤振控制力的主要成分,当迎风侧翼板振动相位滞后于主梁扭转振动约90°、背风侧翼板振动相位超前于主梁扭转振动约90°时有最优抑振效果;调节主梁控制权重至翼板控制权重的2倍时,可以提高颤振临界风速33%。     

基于风洞试验的苏通大跨越输电塔风振系数研究

苏通大跨越输电塔的结构形式有别于普通的钢结构杆塔,其塔身下部结构采用钢管混凝土、上部结构采用钢管,质量突变大,主要受风荷载控制,并且塔高超出GB 50009—2012《建筑结构荷载规范》的梯度风高度限制。为此,采用气动弹性模型和刚性模型的边界层风洞试验确定苏通大跨越输电塔的风致响应和气动力,基于试验数据计算不同风向角下的惯性力风振系数、位移风振系数和有效荷载风振系数,并进行对比。并通过有限元分析梯度风高度对惯性力风振系数的影响,同时将有限元分析得到的风振系数分布和加权值与DL/T 5154的风振系数规定作比较。结果表明：上述3种风振系数分布规律并不相同,由其分别确定的等效位移接近于试验值;考虑梯度风高度后,风振系数变小,分布形状影响小;苏通大跨越输电塔的惯性力风振系数加权值小于1.6,且风振系数由下到上不是单调增大。     

建筑雪工程学研究方法综述

建筑雪工程学系指综合物理学、地球环境学、灾害学等交叉学科,从专业角度对建筑（群）及其周围环境冬季受降雪影响进行预测及研究,以抵御由雪灾诱发建筑物倒塌事故的一门学科。从该学科中主要的三种研究方法,即实地观测、试验研究以及数值模拟为切入点对三者的发展进行梳理与深入剖析。对于实地观测,总结了国外规范中考虑风致雪漂移和热力融雪等影响因素的研究历程与相应理论模型的建立,并指出今后我国实测工作应以对足尺建筑屋面积雪特性及其演变机理为重心;通过对近年来试验研究工作的概括总结,梳理了现今试验研究的四种手段,并明确了对应试验手段相似准则的建立与参数的选取,同时指出今后在我国建立专业风雪试验的必要性;通过对CFD数值模拟方法研究进展的回顾,总结了目前数值模拟已取得的成果与存在的不足,为考虑因素全面的新数值模拟方法的发展指明方向。     

西雅图社区花园的用地获取、功能分区和元素组成

社区花园在欧美具有悠久历史,在健康城市建设和促进社区发展方面的功效已经得到证实。目前,已针对社区花园的功能、类型、经营和科普等开展研究,但对土地获取和设计相关的研究较少。西雅图的社区花园历史悠久,并获得政府支持,是美国发展社区花园的城市典范。通过对西雅图23个典型案例进行调研,对用地获取方式、功能类型、分区和元素组成进行分类总结,为设计建造具有中国特色的社区花园提供启示。     

Field measurement and aeroelastic wind tunnel test of wind‐induced vibrations of lattice tower

Lattice towers are among the most vulnerable structures during typhoons. In this study, the wind engineering research field base near Shanghai Pudong International Airport was used to measure the mean wind speeds and directions at a height of 10 m, as well as the accelerations atop a 40‐m high lattice tower during Typhoons Neoguri and Nakri to investigate the characteristics of the near‐ground wind and the responses of the lattice tower. Moreover, an aeroelastic model of the lattice tower was generated by the discrete stiffness method. Using the wind tunnel test of the aeroelastic model, the root mean square accelerations of the tower were studied with different wind speeds and directions. The responses of the tower in the across‐wind direction were found always higher than those in the along‐wind direction, which meant the vortex shedding of each single cylinder had an impact on the responses of the tower in the across‐wind direction. The test results were compared with those of field measurements to evaluate the accuracy of the aeroelastic model, and the two were generally in a good agreement. Thus, the aeroelastic model could precisely simulate the dynamic characteristics of a prototypical lattice tower using the discrete stiffness method.     

Parametric study of the use and optimization of tuned mass dampers to control the wind‐ and seismic‐induced responses of a slender monument

Passive energy dissipation devices have been used around the world to mitigate the response of structures under dynamic excitations, such as wind or seismic loading. The use of tuned mass dampers (TMD) in tall and slender buildings to reduce unwanted responses has proved to be very effective. The main purpose of this work is to study the structural behavior of a 115‐m‐height slender monument fitted with TMDs subjected to simulated wind and seismic loading. Turbulent wind forces were calculated based on samples of turbulent wind speed simulated with an auto regressive and moving average (ARMA) model. Ground motions compatible with a seismic site spectrum were also simulated. An optimization approach is suggested to determine the parameters of the TMDs that reduce the structural response to the maximum. The effectiveness of the TMDs for reducing the structural response of the monument is discussed in detail, and the use of optimally tuned TMDs is emphasized.     

Coupled shear‐flexural model for dynamic analysis of fixed‐base tall buildings with tuned mass dampers

An equivalent discrete model is developed for time domain dynamic analysis of uniform high‐rise shear wall‐frame buildings with fixed base and carrying any number of tuned mass dampers (TMDs). The equivalent model consists of a flexural cantilever beam and a shear cantilever beam connected in parallel by a finite number of axially rigid members that allow the consideration of intermediate modes of lateral deformation. The proposed model was validated by a building whose lateral resisting system consists of a combination of shear walls and braced frames. The results showed the effectiveness of TMDs to reduce the peak displacements, interstory drift ratio, and accelerations when the building is subjected to a seismic load. The root mean square accelerations due to along‐wind loads also decrease if TMDs are attached to the building.     

Mitigation of tower and out-of-plane blade vibrations of offshore monopile wind turbines by using multiple tuned mass dampers

Offshore wind turbines are vulnerable to external vibration sources such as wind and wave excitations due to the increasing size and flexibility. It is necessary to mitigate the excessive vibrations of offshore wind turbines to ensure the safety and serviceability during their operations. Some research works have been carried out to control the excessive vibrations of the tower and the in-plane vibrations of blades. Very limited study focuses on the out-of-plane vibration mitigation of blades. In the present study, a detailed finite element (FE) model of the latest NREL 5MW wind turbine is developed by using the FE code ABAQUS. The tower and blades are explicitly modelled, and the rotating of the blades is considered. Multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMDs) are proposed to be installed in the tower and each blade to simultaneously mitigate the out-of-plane vibrations of the tower and blades when the wind turbine is subjected to the combined wind and wave loadings. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method are systematically investigated. Numerical results show that MTMDs can effectively mitigate the out-of-plane vibrations of the tower and blades when the wind turbine is in either the operational or parked condition.